Q.1) Define personality and explain factors influencing personality.
Personality is the quality of an individual's total behaviors.
Factors affecting personality:
a) Role of family,
b) Effect of school environment,
c) Effect of friend circle,
d) Other social effect.
Other Factors influencing personality :
1) Heredity: Hereditary influences upon personality are both, direct and indirect. Indirect influences are those exerted through group evaluation of genetic traits. Direct influences came from degree of emotional drive and mental alertness.
2) Physical and Geographical Environment: Food and climate is the most significant aspect of the physical environment as they influence biological development as such personality. Several other factors in the environment may affect the process of shaping the personality.
3) Culture: An individual gets the aspects like cloths, tools and skills, speech and occupation from his culture. Culture has impact on shaping attitudes and habits through the influence of folkways, customs and group ideas. Behavior can be transferred from parent to child because children are especially prone to imitate their parents.
4) Unique Experience: The individual personality centers around the concept of identity formation. As child develops, he imitates the personality characteristics of those close to him. If he matures properly, he will integrate this characteristic and achieve the senesce of identity. Adolescence is a crucial stage. Ideas, habits, values, motives, are the integral parts to the personality and are acquired through the process of interpersonal interaction.
2) Define leader state types of leaders with suitable examples.
Leader is a person who has been spontaneously considered as influential in Specific situation.
A) Classification on the basis of types.
1) Traditional leader-eg. Tribal chief.
2) Caste lender-eg. Mulla, Pope
3) Religious leader-eg. Pujari. Father
4) Political leader- eg. M.L.A. MPs
5) Functional leader-eg. Head Master. Doctor
6) Opinion leader eg. Sarpanch. Patil
Leader – Leader is a person who has been spontaneously considered, or chosen, as being influential in a specific situation or situations.
Types of leader (G.I. Ray)
1.Traditional leaders - They emerge out of tradition and stick to tradition. They are of static type and do not accept Change. They have vested interests and have the fear that changes may overthrow them from power Position.
E.g., tribal chiefs.
2. Caste leaders - Followers belong to the same caste as that of the leader. The leader provides leadership in matters Relating to the caste.
E.g. In Rajasthan: Kirodilal Besla (Leader of gurjar community), Mr. Kirodilal Meena (Leader of meena community)
3. Religious leaders - Become leader by preaching religious doctrines, or performing religious acts or rituals. They Advise followers on religious matters.
E.g. Shankrachaya..
4. Political leaders - They arise out of the political system.
1) Autocratic leader 2) Democratic leader 3) Laissez-faire
E.g., M.L.A., M.P., Chief Minister, Prime Minister etc.
5.Functional leaders - They are the recognized as leaders because of their specialized knowledge and function in the Society.
E.g., Headmaster of a school, doctor, scientist, agricultural innovator etc.
6. Opinion leaders - These are the persons to whom people go for opinion and advice on certain issues. Opinion leaders Also act as legitimizers and influence decision making of the opinion seekers.
E.g. Mother in low, Oldest Woman/man of village.
Other Classification
1) Operational leader-eg. Anna Hazare
2) Popular leader-eg. Film Personality
3) Assumed representatives type-eg Rahul Gandhi, Priyanka Gandhi
4) Prominent talent - Lata Mangeshkar. APJ Kalam
Next Classification
1) Operational leader-eg. Extension workers
2) Lay leaders-eg. Youth club president
B) Classification on the basis of style of working
1) Autocratic leader
2) Democratic leader
3) Define intelligence state and explain factors affecting intelligence.
Intelligence is the ability of an individual's to adjust himself to the condition that arises in his environment.
Description about the factor affecting intelligence:-
1.Heredity and environment
2 Age
3 Health and physical development
4 Sex
5 Race
6 Culture
7 Social and economic condition
1) Heredity and environment: Heredity provides the physical body to be developed with certain inherent capacities, whereas, the environment provides for maturation and training. It is proved that the variation in I.Q. is determined 68% by the heredity and 32% by environment. As the heredity cannot change, variation in the L.Q. must be due to environment.
2) Age: Brightness or dullness in the childhood remains the same throughout our life. It is proved that a person achieves maximum L.Q. at the age of 20 years. Therefore, it remains constant up to the age of about 70 years and then rapidly decreases, if health and other factors do not interfere. Some abilities remain constant while others decline rapidly due to declining physical efficiency.
3) Health and physical development: Physical and mental health may be related to one's ability to gain desirable achievement in mental activity. One with delicate health may not possess enough energy to engage in mental activities to the extent to achieve necessary success. Physical defects or incomplete maturation may affect the intelligence level.
4) Sex: Few years ago, it was thought that boys and men a more intelligence than girls and women. Men were supposed to be more mechanical than women, but now a day, sex is not a limiting factor. The girls are doing well as the boys, in a variety of fields.
5) Race: There is no convincing evidence to show how far race is a factor in determining intelligence level. However, when differences exist between families, as a result of environment, they will be more marked between racial and national groups. In olden days, the lower community people were deprived of the educational facilities. Hence, the race was the limiting factor for the intelligence. Now, the situation has been changed.
6) Culture: Culture influences the intelligence of the individual to a degree. It determines the attitudes and abilities of the individual. This is also not much important factor affecting the level of intelligence.
7) Social and economic conditions: As the family plays the significant role in the early development of individual the conditions at the house exercise considerable influence on behavior and attitudes. The interests, socio-economic condition of the parents etc. has greater impact on the intelligence level of child
4) What is social group explain primary and secondary groups with examples.
Social Group- is a unit of two or more persons in reciprocal interaction or Communication with each other.
Difference between primary and secondary group.
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Rural Sociology: It is the science which studies the structure & functioning of the rural society.
Scope
- Wide scope to study the following aspects
- Rural problems, communities and rural life
- Rural institutions, organizations and social structure
- Rural religion and culture
- Social processes, social change and control
- Developing rural reconstruction programmes, plans
- Developing various methods and approaches of social research
- Majority of rural population
- Provide knowledge about village life
- Rural reformation
- Organization,
- Economic betterment
- Reforms in farm production
- Solutions to pathological problems,
- Education,
- Planning for development
Learning is a process by which an individual through his own efforts and abilities change his behavior
1) Principles of Association (Learning is a growth like and continuous)
2) Principles of clarity.
3) Principles of self activity (Learning results through self activity)
4) Principles of readiness and principles of rewards.( Learning must be challenging and satisfying)
5) Principles of Practice ( Learning must result in functional understanding)
6) Principles of disassociation ( Learning of Disassociation)
7) Principles of timing
8) Principles of environment.
1. Principles of Association-Learning is a growth like and continuous,
The kind of learning that takes place is the results of the kind of experiences we have. Experience that occur together tend to recur together. Previous learning always sets the stage for subsequent learning. New learning may be associated with previous successful and satisfying responses.
Implications for teaching-
1. Begin at the level of the learner.
II. New must be related to the old experience.
Ⅲ. Adjust the pace to the learner's capacity, one idea at a time.
IV. Bring the idea to the attention of the learner repeatedly (in a variety of ways) and over a period of time.
2. Principles of Clarity-Learning is purposeful.
Learning varies directly with the meaningfulness of the material presented. Learning is increased when the learning sees the end sought by the practice.
Implications for teaching-
I. Learning must make sense to the learner.
II. Progress must be constantly appraised and redirected.
III. Purpose must be kept in sharp focus (objectives must be clear to the learner and teacher).
3. Principles of Self-activity-Learning results through self-activity.
It is an active process on the part of the learner. Teachers can only set up the learning situation and stimulate a person to learn. The door to learning is 'locked on the inside" and unless the learner opens the door himself, learning cannot take place. Learning involves appropriate activities that engage a maximum number of senses.
Implications for teaching-
I. Activities appropriate to the specific learning situation must be used.
II. Learning activities should engage a maximum number of senses, by using audio-visual aids. Senses are the gate-ways to learning.
7) What is culture state characteristics of culture and its role in agricultural extension.
Culture is that complex which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, mores, laws. customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of society" By Taylor.
Characteristics of culture.
1. Only human being possesses the culture
2. All the societies have different culture. Indian culture. African culture, Western culture.
3. Culture is learned or acquired after birth. It is not innate.
4. Culture is a social and not individuals heritage of man.
5. Culture is transmitted from one generation to another generation
6. Culture is adoptive
7.Culture is integrative
8. Culture is idealistic
9. Culture is shared
10. Culture is fratifying
11. Culture is accumulating
12. Culture is not static but dynamic
Social institution: It is an organized system of social relationships which embodies certain common values and procedures and meet certain basic needs of the society
1. Family
2. Religious
3. Economic
4. Education - Socializing persons in to basic values and practices of society.
5. Government/Political
Family
Definition= Mac Lver and Page (1949) Family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for procreation and upbringing of children..
Characteristics:-
1. Economical interdependence among members
2. Emotional attachment among members
3. Acceptable social behavior
4. Members have blood relationship of marriage between man and woman necessary
-Functions
1. Means of procreation.
2. Means to satisfy sexual needs of husband and wife
3. Providing sustenance and care of dependents4 Socializing children
-Classification of family
On the basis of residence
-Matrilocal
-Patrilocal
-Neolocal
On the basis of authority
-Patrichal
-Matrilincal
On the basis of Ancestry
-Matrilineal
-Patilineal
On the basis of marriage
-Monogamy
-Polygamy
-Polyandry
Learning elements
1) Farmer
2) Extension Worker
3) Subject Matter
4) Physical Facilities
5) Teaching Material
1) Farmers (learners):
The farmer is a center of the learning situations and the other four elements act on it. The main aim of extension education is to alter the behavior of the farmer and the other elements are supported to help this process. The success of the learning situation should be judged from the desirable atmosphere it has created for effective learning.
Learners should-
1. be capable of learning.
2. Have interest in the subject.
3. Have need for the information offered and
4. Be able to use the information once it is gained.
2) Teachers (Extension workers):
They are the extension agents who impart training and motivate the learners. They not only know what to teach, but also know how to teach.
The teachers should-
1. Have clear-cut and purposeful teaching objectives.
2. Know the subject matter and have it well organized.
3. Be enthusiastic and interested about the learners and the subject matter.
4. Be able to communicate and skilful in using teaching aids, and
5. Be democratic in his leadership.
6. Be prepared, be prompt, be friendly, be courteous.
7. Use a teaching plan.
8. Speak so that all can hear.
9. Set a good example of a good leader and teacher.
10. Be able to encourage participation of the people.
3) Subject Matter (Content):
It is the content or topic of teaching that is useful to the learners. The subject matter should be
1. Pertinent to learner's needs.
2. Applicable to their real life situations.
3. Taught at intellectual level of learners.
4. Well organized and presented logically and clearly
5. Consistent with the overall objectives and
6. Challenging, satisfying and significant to the learners.
4) Teaching materials (Equipments):
These are appropriate instructional materials, equipments and aids. The teaching materials should be -
1. Suitable to the subject matter and physical situations.
2. Adequate in quantity and available in time, and
3. Skillfully used.
4. In working condition so that they can be operated properly.
5) Physical facilities:
It means appropriate physical environment in which teaching learning can take place. The physical facilities like light, ventilation, sitting arrangement or the outdoor facilities.
It should be-
1. Compatible with the objectives.
2. Representative of the area and situation, and
3. Adequate and easily accessible.
4. Free from outside distractions.
5. Made before staffing the class or meeting.
