"Below, you'll find the most probable AHDS 242 questions tailored for exam preparation."
Join our WhatsApp and Telegram channels for the latest Notes and Updates
1) Enlist different systems of Breeding. Write advantages & Disadvantages of Cross Breeding.
Advantages of crossbreeding:
1. It is valuable as a means of introducing desirable characters into a breed in which they have not existed formerly.
2. It is useful in producing new breeds.
3. It increases the hybrid vigour in, growth rate, fertility and production in the progeny
4. It helps to produce animal with better adaptability in adverse environmental condition and with increased resistance to disease.
5. It is an extremely handy tool to study the behavior of characteristics in hereditary transmission.
Disadvantages of crossbreeding:
1. It requires maintenance of two or more pure breeds.
2. It may sometimes produce progeny with undesirable traits.
3. It increase heterozygocity and thereby reduces breeding merits of progeny.
2) Classify Feed stuffs with Suitable Examples. Explain Unconventional Feed Stuff
A) Roughages: I ) Dry - i/ Straw-Jowar, maize, paddy, wheat.
ii/Hay a) Legume hays- Lucerne, cow pea
b) Non legume hay -Sorghum
II) Green succulent
i/ Pasture - grasses, shrubs
ii/ Green fodder- a) Legume - Lucerne, cow pea
b) Non legume - Jowar, maize, oat etc.
ii Tree leaves- Babul, Bel,, Subabul, Pipal
iv/ Silage
v/ Root crops - Tapioca, tubers, potatoes
B) Concentrates: I) Energy rich- cereal grains & by products
II) Protein rich - Oilseed cakes, pulse chuni.
C) Feed supplements: Vitamin and minerals like A, D, K, B.
D) Feed additives-terramycin , flavomycin etc.
Unconventional Feed Stuff
Increase in livestock and human population and decrease in land under cultivation has
resulted in acute shortage of feeds and fodder for livestock which further increases due to
natural calamities like droughts and flood. The feeds which are traditionally not used for
feeding animals are called unconventional feeds. Their use in livestock ration is increasing
day by day due to shortage of animal feeds. The main source of such feeds is agricultural
and forest by-products. Such feeds are not used either because of traditional beliefs of
livestock owners or due to less palatability and presence of incriminating factors in them.
It also happens that certain un-conventional feeds are being traditionally fed to animals in
particular region but the same may be neglected in other regions. Recent studies indicated
that quite a large number of agricultural by-products and industrial waste materials could
be used for livestock feeding.
Unconventional feeds are described under the following categories:
1. Protein sources
2. Energy sources
3. Miscellaneous unconventional feeds
3) What are different basis and Methods of Selection? Explain Independent Culling Method.
Selection:
"Selection is choosing the parent of next generation." Or
Selection is the process in which certain individuals in a population are included for becoming the parent of the next generation." Or
"Selection is the process of deciding which animals in a population will be allowed to become a parent of next generation and how many progeny they will be permitted to leave.
Basis of Selection: Selection of animal is done on following basis-
1. Indidividual selection or Performance test.
2. Pedigree selection.
3. Family selection.
4. Progeny testing.
METHODS OF SELECTION:
The different methods of selections are as given below:-
1 Tandem method
2. Independent culling method.
3 Selection index method./ Score card method.
Independent Culling Method:
a. In this method selection is made for few truits at a time.
b. The minimum standard is set for each trait.
C. The animals which do not meet minimum standard are culled.
d. The effectiveness of this method depends on standard chosen for each of the trait.
Advantages:
1. Selection can be practiced by for 2 or more traits simultaneously.
2. Animal which do not meet the minimum standard can be culled at an early age.
3. This method is superior to tandem method.
4. The rate of progress per unit time is more as compared to tandem method
Disadvantage:
1. The animals which are superior in one trait and little inferior is another trait are also culled.
2. The number of animals selected will be very small, if high standards are fixed.
3. The adequate numbers of animals are not cuiled if low standards are fixed.
4) Define Feeding standards. State advantages of feeding standard.
Definition: "Feeding standards are the table values indicating the quantities of nutrients to be fed to various classes of livestock for different physiological functions.
Advantages of feeding standards:
1. They serve as best general guide for feeding of livestock and poultry. 2. They are useful for practical feeding purpose.
3. They give an idea about total feed and nutrient requirements of every species for specific physiological functions.
4. They are useful in planning standards and interpreting the results.
5. They are useful for calculation of total feed requirement of herd and thus helps in planning of feeding schedule for future.
6. They are flexible and can be modified as per demand availability and cost of feedstuff.
5) What is Complete Feed Block? Explain in brief its advantages.
Definition: "A complete feed block defined as solid product prepared by pressing roughages and concentrate in desired (60:40) proportion, capable of fulfill nutrient requirement for production purpose. It may be square, circular, quadrangle. OR
"Complete feed block is composed of forage, concentrate and other supplementary nutrients in desired proportions capable to fulfill nutrient requirement of an animal."
Advantages of Complete Feed Blocks:
Major advantages of complete feed block are:
1. Balanced and adequate intake of concentrate and roughage for better animal production.
2. Reduction in storage space
3. Increase the dry matter intake .Reduced loss of valuable dry matter, as left over feed/ wastages.
4. The CFBs can be used during flood situations due to easy transport.
5. Complete feed supplies readymade, balanced, low cost ration for ruminants for the benefit of landless laborers and small farmers.
6. The CFBS were found to be very nutritious, easily digestible and handy to transport.
7. Increase the keeping quality.
8. The palatability, voluntary intake and nutrient utilization of low-grade roughage are increased, 9. Transportation of such blocks is easier and trouble free.
6) Enlist and describe in short Functions of various organs of Cattle Digestive System.
A. Alimentary canal:
a. Mouth: It is cylindrical cavity containing tongue and teeth. It is laterally formed by cheeks. The roof is formed by the hard palate. The floor is formed by mandible. It is anterioly closed by lips.
Function:
1. Prehension - i.e. intake or grasping of food into the mouth."
2. Mastication - i.e. chewing of food.
3. Insalivations - i.e. mixing of saliva with food
4. Deglutition - i.e. acts of swallowing of food.
5. Regurgitation - Pushing back food into the mouth from the stomach.
6. Rumination the combination of all above the process except Prehension.
b. Tongue: It is muscular organ situated on the floor of mouth cavity.
Function:
i. It is the chief organ of prehention in cattle.
ii. It is organ of taste.
iii. It is also helps in mastication and deglutition.
c. Pharynx: It is conical or funnel shaped muscle membranous sac and is common for both digestive tract and respiratory tract. It is located just behind mouth cavity.
Function: It is a common passage for food, water and air.
d. Oesophagus: It is a muscular- membranous long tube extending from pharynx to the cardia of the stomach. It is divided in two parts i.c. cervical and thoracic. The average size is about 90 cm and diameter is about 5 cm. Function: Passage for food from mouth to stomach.
e. Ruminant Stomach: It is also called as compound stomach. It is made up of four compartments viz. rumen (Pouch), reticulum (Honey comb), Omasum (Many piles), abomasums (True stomach). The first 3 compartments collectively called as fore stomach while the fourth compartment abomasums is called as true stomach. The average capacity of the stomach in a adult cattle ranges from 100-230 liters depending upon the size of animal.
7) Describe the Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates in Ruminants.
8) Define Nutrients. Enlist different nutrients & Explain function of Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins & Minerals in animal body.
NUTRIENT:
"The nutrients are those components of feed which are essential for animal body nourishment, development, maintenance of the production."
The dairy cows require five major nutrients. All five nutrients are essential for normal health and production of milk, eggs, meat and wool.
i. Water
ii. Carbohydrate (energy)
iii. Protein
iv. Fats/ lipids
v. Minerals and Vitamins.
Function of water:
1. Cell rigidity and elasticity: Water content of the cell helps to give specific shape or form to the animal body. In particular, the cerebrospinal fluid acts as a cushion for the nerves.
2. Solvent action: By its solvent action, water serves as a universal medium in which the intra and extra cellular chemical reactions take places.
3. Hydrolytic reactions: Hydrolysis in an important chemical process involved in digestion and metabolism.
4. Ionic and other reactions: Water acts as a medium for a existence of oppositely charged ions which takes part in the chemical reactions in animal body.
5. Lubrication: Water acts as a lubricant to prevent friction and drying in joints, pleura, conjunctive etc. The aqueous solution practically free from fat acts as a lubricants against friction and drying.
6. Transport: Water acts as a vehicle for various physiological processes
Functions of Carbohydrates:
1. The principal function of carbohydrate is to provide energy to the body.
2. It is said that fats and proteins are burnt (oxidized) in the flame of carbohydrates.
3. Some carbohydrates liave highly specific functions e.g. Ribose in nucleoproteins (in RNA, DNA, ATP) etc.
4. When intake of carbohydrate is more than what is required by body, the excess is utilized for transformation into fats.
5. It plays an important role in the function of the intestinal tract. Its bulk stimulates peristalsis and secretion of enzymes.
6. It adds flavour to the diet.
7. Carbohydrates can be used as a starting material for the biological synthesis of other types of compounds in the body such as fatty acids and certain amino acids.
Functions of Proteins:
1. Major constituents of soft tissues and internal organs of animals.
2. Proteins are basically needed for the growth of new tissues and the repair of old tissues.
3. Structural proteins: More than half of the total protein of mammalian body is collagen found in skin, cartilage and bone.
4. Contractile proteins: They are present in contractile form e.g. Myosin and actins.
5. Some protein function as hormones and enzymes e.g. hormone insulin: About 90% of cellular proteins are enzymes:
6. The albumins, hemoglobin, and Fibrinogen are three major protein constituents of blood.
7. Antibodies: Gama globulins, colostrums.
8. play important role in acid base balance, oxygen and other nutrient transport, osmotic pressure and most important role in heredity.
Functions of Minerals:
1. Constituent of skeletal tissues: Which impart rigidity and strength of bones. Bones and teeth are high in mineral content. Fresh bone contain water 45% mineral mater 25 % protein 20% and fat 10% some minerals are present in hair, horns and hooves. More than 98% of calcium in the body is in bones and teeth.
2. Minerals from part of the soft tissues and body fluids in the animal body.
3. Nucelo proteins which form the continuity from generation to generation have phosphorus as a constituent.
4. Phospholipids are an essential part of cell protoplasm.
5. Blood and other body fluids contain many minerals dissolved in them. These minerals are mostly responsible for maintaining proper osmatic pressure and acid base balance in the system.
6. Many of the vital functions in the body are controlled by ionic interactions.
e.g. regular functioning of heart is affected by the proportion of calcium, sodium and potassium in the fluid that, surrounds it.
7. Red blood corpuscles in blood contain hemoglobin, which is composed of iron. It is responsible for transport of oxygen from lugs to the tissues and CO, from tissues to lungs.
8. Minerals are the constituents of certain enzymes, hormones and vitamins, which regulate metabolic cycles on animal body.
e.g. Copper is the constituent of enzyme catalyses, tyrosinase and cytochrome oxides, cobalt is a constituent of vit. B-12.
9. Minerals are essential in the synthesis of milk, eggs, wool. e.g. cow milk contains 5.32% mineral matter on dry basis.
9) What do you mean by Mutation? Enlist characteristics & Types of Mutation.
Definition: "A sudden and heritable change in the character of an organism, which is not due to segregation or recombination, is called mutation". Or
The phenomenon of sudden discrete and heritable change in the genotype of organism is called mutation.
The change if it is in germinal cell is transferable from one generation to other generation The effect is mostly unfavorable for to the individual concerned but sometimes it may be favorable also.
Mutation classified into two: i) Gene mutation ii) Chromosomal mutation.
Different Types of mutations are
A) Location: i) Somatic i) Germinal
B) Effect: i) Detrimental ii) Lethal ii) Visible
C) Direction: i) Forward ii) Backward or Reverse
D) Occurance: i) Recurrent ii) Non-recurrent
E) Size: Point mutation ii) Gross mutation
F) Quality: i) Structural mutation ii) Rearrangementmutation
G) Origin i) Spontanious ii) Genetic ii) Indused
Gene mutation:
Genes arises only from genes and heredity is due in last analysis to accurate gene replication. The process of gene reproduction is exact but occasionally it goes wrong that is copy of genes difers from original and modified gene goes on reproducing its changed structures. This is gene mutation. In this case only one character is affected at one time
10) Define Gene. Explain the gene actions useful in animal breeding
"The hereditary units which are transmitted from one generation to next generation is called as gene. Or,
"A portion of DNA, which occupying a specific place on a chromosome, through which inheritable characteristics are transmitted to next generation in all living organism is called as gene" Or,
Genes are functional and basic units of inheritance and are arranged in a linear order on the chromosome." Or,
Gene may be defined as hereditary units which reside in a long DNA molecule (the main constituent molecule of chromosome) and contains coded instructions or information for the production of protein. which ultimately causes and determine a phenotypic trait.
The term gene is coined by Julianssen in 1909
Genes are self-duplicating and sometimes undergoes mutation. Genes also contro's physiological and biochemical actions going on in the cell.
1. The gene must carry genetic information from cell to cell generation to generation. The identification of DNA (genes) as hereditary, carrier of traits from one generation of organism to the next generation organism
2. Gene must be duplicate - DNA (genes) serves as template for copies of itself
3. Gene
4. There must exist some mechanism for translating the genetic information into action in the developing individuals.Genes are coded by specific DNA sequence.
5. RNA production - Through a process called Transcription, DNA is transcript into RNA (direct product), which is a template for protein production.
6. Protein Production - Through another process called Translation, RNA is translated into protein.
7. Expression of character - In theory, one gene codes for one protein. Proteins carry out most of the necessary functions in the cell.
11) What is Meiosis? Explain in short Stages of Meiosis.
"It is process in sexual reproduction by which the chromosome number of diploid (2n) germ cells is reduced to half (n) forming mature reproductive cells or gametes".
Or
"It is a special type of cell division which reduces the number of chromosome to half i.e from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) is produced".
It is found in sexual organs i.e. anthers and ovaries (plants) and testes and ovaries (animals), hence it is called maturation division. Meiotic division consists of two successive divisions of cell, resulting into production of four haploid cells. First division is accompanied with reduction in chromosome number without any division through separation of maternal and paternal chromosome. Therefore, first division is called as reductional division. Second division, involves separation of chromatids of each chromosome through centromere. The second division is called equational division. In the process of meiosis, chromosomes divide once and the nucleus and cytoplasm divide twice: Four haploid cells are formed from single diploid cell.
Meiosis-I or I nuclear division: 1. Prophase-1: This is a longest phase and amount of DNA is doubled. This phase is sub-divided into
a) Leptotene/leptonema: Chromosomes appear extremely thin, long and slender threads, which are loosely interwoven. They are not divided longitudinally into two chromatids.
A series of bead like structures (Chromomeric) are seen along the length of chromosomes, which are constant in number, size and position.
Nucleus is having two sets (2n) of chromosomes i.e. one from female and other from male parent. Each chromosome in one set has a similar partner from other parent thus nucleus has pairs of similar chromosomes.
b) Zygotene/Zygonema:
The process of pairing of homologous chromosomes is called Synapsis. Chromosome gets aligned side by side and with one another gene by gene over entire length. Pairing starts from the end and continues towards centromere, (Proterminal) or from the centromere towards the end (rocentric).
As chromosomes pairs, they begin to shorten and thicken. Nuclear membrane and Nucleolus present.
c) Pachytene:
Chromosomes become twisted spirally around each other and can't be distinguished separately i.é. bivalent formation. Chromosomes become shorter and thicker and are coiled. Each chromosome splits up longitudinally into two chromatids except centromerc. Thus each bivalent consist of four chromatids with common centromeres, hence this stage is called as four strand stage or Tetrud. are twisted around each other with relational coiling forming chaismata.
Process of interchange of chromatin material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome is known as crossing over. Crossing over involves reshuffling, redistribution and mutual exchange of hereditary material between non-homologous chromosomes. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are still present.
12) Narrate in Brief History of Animal breeding.
1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): Revealed the fact that the male and female Parents contribute equally to heredity of offspring
2. Robert Hooke, England (1665): Apply the term cell
3. Robert Bakewel (Leichester England 1725-1795): 1st to start breeding and to establish breeds. He is remembered for setting the pattern of modern animal breeding and he is called as (founder) father of animal breeding.
4. Luzzano Spallanzani (1780): Used artificial insemination successfully to inseminate a Spanish bitch.
5. Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884): Australian monk has been called as father of Genetics, because he was first to uncover and record the of Inheritance Segregation and independent assortment of genes (dominance)
6. A. Schneider (1873): The first account of mitosis
7. H.J.Muller (1927): Reported the artificial induction of mutation animal by X-rays.
8. Dr.Sampatkumaran (1939): First attempted artificial Insemination at Palace Dairy Farm, Mysore
9.J.L. Lush (1919-1966): Quantitative trait measurement, Progeny testing, computerized data management, Measured traits from birth to death, and called as Father of modern animal breeding
10. Ian Wilmut (1997) from U.K.: Produced a clone of adult lamb called dolly
11. William Butson: Coined the term "Genetics"
12. Willen Johanssen: Coined the alleles or genes, Introduced the concept of genotype and phenotype
13. Darwin: Proposed the Theory of Pangenesis,
14. Weisman: Put forward the Germ Plasma Theory.
15. Batson & Punnet: First observed Linkage in Sweet Pea.
16. Strassburger: Who first discovered "Chromosomes"
17. Waldeyer: Coined the term "Chromosomes"
18. Charles Darwin (1800s): Natural Selection, Genotype by environmental interaction
13) Define Feed Additives. Enlist commonly used Feed Additives & explain role of Feed Additives and Supplements.
Definition:
"The additives are those ingredients of the feed which are not nutrients but added in the feed by virtue of their character for various purpose Le Prevention of disease, increasing the palatability"
14) Write short notes.
A) Complete Feed Block
Definition: "A complete feed block defined as solid product prepared by pressing roughages and concentrate in desired (60:40) proportion, capable of fulfill nutrient requirement for production purpose. It may be square, circular, quadrangle. OR
"Complete feed block is composed of forage, concentrate and other supplementary nutrients in desired proportions capable to fulfill nutrient requirement of an animal."
Advantages of Complete Feed Blocks:
Major advantages of complete feed block are:
1. Balanced and adequate intake of concentrate and roughage for better animal production.
2. Reduction in storage space
3. Increase the dry matter intake .Reduced loss of valuable dry matter, as left over feed/ wastages.
4. The CFBs can be used during flood situations due to easy transport.
5. Complete feed supplies readymade, balanced, low cost ration for ruminants for the benefit of landless laborers and small farmers.
6. The CFBS were found to be very nutritious, easily digestible and handy to transport.
7. Increase the keeping quality.
8. The palatability, voluntary intake and nutrient utilization of low-grade roughage are increased, 9. Transportation of such blocks is easier and trouble free.
B) Gene Frequency
It is defined as the number of genes present in the population. It is expressed as proportion or percentage.
C) Gene Mutation
Genes arises only from genes and heredity is due in last analysis to accurate gene replication. The process of gene reproduction is exact but occasionally it goes wrong that is copy of genes difers from original and modified gene goes on reproducing its changed structures. This is gene mutation. In this case only one character is affected at one time
D) Chromosomal Aberration
E) Laws of Segregation
F) Hardy – Weinberg Law
G) Silage
15) Define the following:
1. Feeding standards.
2. Gene Frequency,
It is defined as the number of genes present in the population. It is expressed as proportion or percentage.
3. Zygote,
Diploid cell formed by fertilization of an ovum by as a sperm
4. Species,
5. Half Sibs,
6. Animal Breeding,
7. Nutrition,
8. Animal Husbandry,
9. Livestock,
10. Grading up
Join our WhatsApp and Telegram channels for the latest Notes and Updates
