1. Integral part of Indian economy
1) India possesses largest livestock population in the world i.e. 512.06 million. Accounts nearly 19 to 20 percent of the world.
2) Present livestock population in India ( million) (Livestock Census 2012)
Caule-190.9, Buffaloes- 108.7, Sheep-61.06, Goat-135.17 Pig- 10.29, Poultry- 729.2
3) Livestock sector contribute nearly 25.6% to agril. GDP whereas 4.11% in the national GDP.
4) Value of output from livestock sector in 2012-13 is Rs. 537535 crore (Share of milk industry in livestock sector GDP is 67%), Meat group 18%, poultry meat 8%.
2. Milk Production
India ranks 1st in the milk production with 155.5 million tonnes milk production in the year (2015-16). Per capita consumption -337 gms/day/capita.(2015-16).
3. Meat production:
Flesh foods are rich in protein and good source of vit.B 12. which helpful in the body building. Which absent in the plant food. Average meat production 7.02 MT, and produce 82.93 billion eggs (2015-16).
4. Fibre and Skins:
The livestock also contributes to the production of wool, hair, hides and pelts. Leather is the most important products which has a very high export potential. India is producing about 47.9 million Kg, of wool per annum.
5. Animal drought power:
The bullock pair back bone of agriculture. The horse power obtained from one bullock pair is about 0.75 HP, Mechanization of agriculture has been done only 30%. Draft animal power saves six million tones of fossil fuel per year, valued at Rs. 12000 crores.
6. Farm yard manure for organic farming.
A minimum of 10-12 kg of dung is obtained on an average from every cow or buffalo and excellent source of FYM or compost manure. Dung cakes used for fuel also. Helpful. the maintaining the soil fertility. Helpful in maintaining the carbon nitrogen ratio.
7. Transportation:
About 2/3 of rural transportation is carried by bullock carts. Rural transportation is estimated to 25000 million ton km of freight per year saving 6 million of diesel worth Rs.4000 crores annually.
8. Livestock export:
India's export of animal products was Rs. 30,137.08 crores in 2015-16, the major products are buffalo meat Rs. 26681.56 crores, Sheep and Goat meat Rs.837.76 crores, Poultry products Rs. 768.72 crores, Dairy products Rs. 754.20 crores, Animal casing Rs. 17.02 crores, processed meat Rs.6.18 crores.
9. Employment generation
Livestock sector provide or generate regular employment to millions of people. About 20.5 million people depend on livestock for their livelihood. Livestock provides livelihood to two-third of rural community.
2) Write about care and management of Calf and Broilers. Enlist system of milk reading to calf with merits and demerits.
Care and management of newly born calves:
1) Cleaning
- Cleaning of mouth and nostrils far proper respiration
- Cleaning of body of calves
2) Naval cord treatment: Cutting of naval cord by sterilized suizer or blade s 2 inches distance from body with proper application of Tincture lodine and beric acid Malum powder
3) Feeding of colostrums (28 to 10% of the live body weight and if not avaliable prepare artificial colostrums with 1 kg milk of other cow, 2 to 3 drops of Castrel oil and ont egg. Teach the calves for drinking/sucking of milk.
4) Application of proper rearing system ie. Suckling or Weaning system.
5) Record the details on pedigree, eg. dam, sire, weighing, sex, date of birth, etc
6) Put identification mark
7) Dehorning of Calves within 15 days
8) Vaccination: up to 3 months- anthrax and up to 6 months IBQ
9) Housing of Calves Separate calves pens should be provide for best management and protection of calves from sun, main, cold wind, etc
Care and management of broilers.
Broiler management :
Broiler is defined as the tender meated chicken of either sex which grow from 35 to 40 gms of initial weight to 2kg or more in 6 weeks of age by consuming around 4 kg of feed.
Brooding and management similar to layer brooding
Feeding : Two types
1. Broiler starter - 0-3weeks - CP 23 – E 2900
2. Broiler finisher - 4-6 weeks - Cp 20 – E 3000
Vaccine :
1. Mareks Vaccine day old
2. R.D.V.F. 5- 7th day
The use of liver stimulants and vitamins help in better feed utilization and better body weight gain.
Mortality and livability
Market weight
Feed conversion efficiency.
3) What is species and breed. Classify indigenous breads of cattle.
Definitions:
Species: A group of individuals which have certain common characteristies that distinguish them from other group of individuals within a genera or genus,
Breed: Denotes and established group of animals / birds having the similar general body shape, colour, structure and characters which produced offspring with same characters
A. Milch breeds
a. Sahiwal
b. Red Sindhi
C. Gir
B. Dual breeds
a. Hariana
b. Ongole
c. Deoni
d. Kankrej
e. Mewathi
f. Tharparkar
C. Drought breeds
a. Amritmahal
b. Kangayam
c. Malvii.
d. Siri
e. Hallikar
f. Khillar
g. Krishna valley
h. Nagori
i. Red Kandhar
j. Gaolao
k. Dangi
4) Explain in detail reproductive system of cow read neat labeled diagram and describe functions of ovary and uterus.
The Reproductive System of a Cow:The reproductive system of a cow plays a crucial role in her ability to reproduce and maintain healthy offspring. Let's delve into the intricacies of this system with a labeled diagram and explore the functions of the key organs:
Labeled Diagram:
Key Organs and their Functions:
Ovaries: These are the primary female reproductive organs, located near the kidneys in the abdominal cavity. Each ovary is about the size of a walnut and produces two main types of cells:
Eggs (Ova): Only a single egg is typically released during each estrous cycle (heat cycle). The egg is fertilized by sperm in the fallopian tube and develops into an embryo.
Sex hormones: Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and milk production.
Fallopian tubes: These are a pair of muscular tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They are lined with cilia, which help move the egg and sperm towards fertilization. Fertilization usually occurs in the upper part of the fallopian tube.
Uterus: This is a pear-shaped, muscular organ located between the bladder and rectum. It provides a nurturing environment for the developing embryo and fetus. The uterus has three main parts:
Cervix: The neck of the uterus, which acts as a barrier against bacteria and viruses.
Myometrium: The muscular wall of the uterus, which contracts during childbirth to expel the calf.
Endometrium: The inner lining of the uterus, which thickens during the estrous cycle in preparation for pregnancy. If fertilization doesn't occur, the endometrium sheds and is expelled as menstrual fluid (estrus).
Vagina: This is a muscular tube that connects the uterus to the external genitalia (vulva). It allows sperm to enter during mating and the calf to exit during birth.
Vulva: This is the external opening of the reproductive system, located between the hind legs. It includes the labia majora (outer lips), labia minora (inner lips), clitoris, and urethral opening.
Functions of Ovary and Uterus:
Ovary:
- Produces and releases eggs (ova) for fertilization.
- Secretes sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) that regulate the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and milk production.
Uterus:
- Provides a protected environment for the developing embryo and fetus.
- Nourishes the developing fetus through the placenta.
- Contracts during childbirth to expel the calf.
- Sheds the endometrium as menstrual fluid during the estrous cycle if pregnancy doesn't occur.
5) Write home tract important physical & economical characteristics of the following:
a) Deoni, b) Jersey, c) Murrah, d) White Leghorn.
a) Deoni
Home tract: The home tract of Deoni is Latur district of Maharashtra and adjoining area of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Physical characters:
1. Deoni is a medium heavy animal.
2. Body colour is clear white in Wannera and Balankya strain, whereas irregular black spots are seen all over the white body in Shevera.
3. Head is masculine, alert, broad, slightly convex and held high on the apex of the neck with a majestic look.
4. Fore head is prominent, broad and slightly bulging.
5. Horns are medium, thick, apart, emerging from the sides of the poll behind and above the eyes in outward and again curving upwards directions.
6. Tail is long whip like, reaching below the hock joint with black and white mixed coloured switch.
7. Udder is well attached and medium in size.
Economic characters:
1. The average lactation milk yield is 860 kg
2. The average age at first calving is 43 months.
3. The inter calving period is 447 days.
b) Jersey
Home tract: Island Jersey in English Channel.
Physical characters:
1. Body is compact with medium size.
2. The colour is fawn with or without white markings. The muzzle is black with light coloured encircling rings.
3. Head is comparatively tight, forehead is double dished.
4. The udder is large capacious with well placed teats.
5. The horns are small and tapering toward the tip and grow forward and curved inside at the tips.
6. Average body weight: Male-675 kg, Female - 450 kg.
Economic characters:
1. Milk of this breed is in large demand in butter industries because milk is yellow in colour with fat globules large in size.
2. Average lactation milk yleid is 4000 kg.
3. Age at first calving is 690 days.
4. The breed can withstand tropical humid climate more than other exotic breeds.
c) Murrah:
Home tract: Haryana state. Rohtak, Hisar and Gurgaon districts and also in adjoining areas of Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
Physical characters:
- The skin jet black.
- Homs short turning backward and upward and finally curling inward in the spiral form.
- The forehead is broad and prominent. The nostrils are wide, apart. Ears are small pendulous and thin.
- The udder is well developed with prominent milk vein.
- The tail long and flexible reaching to the fetlocks.
- The average body weight in male is 567 kg and female 430 kg.
Economic characters:
- The average milk yield is 1744 kg in 299 day of lactation period.
- The average age at first calving is 1319 days and inter calving period is 450 days.
6) What is organic Livestock farming explain along with advantages and disadvantages.
Organic livestock farming
Organic livestock farming may be defined as a system of livestock production that promotes the use of organic and biodegradable inputs from the ecosystem in terms of animal nutrition, animal's health, animal housing and breeding. It deliberately avoids use of synthetic inputs such as drugs, feed additives and genetically engineered breeding inputs, while ensuring the welfare of animals.
Advantages of organic livestock farming:
a) It ensures strict animal welfare measures.
b) Recognize animal comfort and animal behavior.
c) It is better for environment..
d) Better sustainability of production.
e) Boost to traditional technologies.
f) It is free from antibiotics, chemicals, drugs, pesticide etc.
g) It has better protein quality.
h) Veterinary costs are generally significantly lower on organic farms than conventional farm.
Disadvantages of organic livestock farming:
1. Higher production costs
2. Lower yields compared to conventional methods
3. Susceptibility to pests and diseases
4. Longer time to reach market weight
5. Limited availability of organic feed
6. Land and resource-intensive
7. Challenges in maintaining consistent product quality
8. Limited scale of operation
9. Strict certification requirements
10. Consumer perception of higher prices
7) Write origin and use of following breeds of buffaloes:
PandharpuriOrigin: Maharashtra, India
Use: Primarily for milk production
Jaffarabadi
Origin: Gujarat, India
Use: Dual-purpose (milk and draft)
Murrah
Origin: Haryana, India
Use: Primarily for milk production
Mehsana
Origin: Gujarat, India
Use: Dual-purpose (milk and draft)
HF (Hariana-Friesian cross)
Origin: India (cross between Haryana and Friesian breeds)
Use: Primarily for milk production
Red Khanderi
Origin: Andhra Pradesh, India
Use: Dual-purpose (milk and draft)
8) Enlist different livestock development programs in India explain in brief MMPO.
Livestock Development Programs in India:India boasts a diverse array of livestock development programs aiming to enhance the sector's productivity, sustainability, and income generation for farmers. Here are some prominent examples:
- National Livestock Mission (NLM): Launched in 2014, NLM focuses on genetic improvement, feed and fodder development, disease control, infrastructure enhancement, and marketing support for various livestock species.
- Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): This scheme provides financial assistance to states and UTs for implementing various livestock development projects like breed improvement, fodder development, and disease control.
- Dairy Development Schemes: Programs like National Programme for Bovine Breeding & Dairy Development (NPBBDD) and Dairy Processing Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF) aim to improve milk production, processing, and marketing, benefiting dairy farmers and processors.
- Livestock Insurance Schemes: Schemes like Livestock Mortality Assistance Scheme (LMAS) and National Livestock Insurance Scheme (NLIS) provide financial support to farmers in case of livestock loss due to natural calamities or diseases.
- Skill Development Programs: Initiatives like National Institute of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (NIADD) and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) offer training and skill development programs to farmers and youth on improved livestock management practices.
MMPO, promulgated in 1992 under the Essential Commodities Act, aims to:
Maintain and increase the supply of safe and quality milk: It sets quality standards for milk and milk products and regulates their production, processing, and distribution.
Protect consumer interests: Regular inspections and testing ensure adherence to quality standards and safeguard consumers from adulterated or unhealthy milk products.
Promote fair trade practices: MMPO regulates minimum procurement prices for milk, ensuring fair returns for dairy farmers.
Key Features of MMPO:
Registration: Dairy plants handling more than 10,000 liters of milk per day or 500 MT of milk solids per annum must register with the designated authority.
Quality Standards: MMPO outlines specific quality parameters for milk and milk products based on the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSAI).
Inspections and Testing: Authorized officials can inspect dairy plants and carry out product testing to ensure compliance with quality standards.
Penalties: Non-compliance with MMPO provisions can lead to penalties and even suspension of licenses.
9) Enlist bacterial diseases of cattle and explain in detail foot and mouth disease and black quarter.
a. Food and mouth disease:
Causal organism (Picorna virus)-
7 major strains of virus mainly-0, A,C. Asia, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3 in India.
Symptoms:
- Fever (104 to 106°F)
- Blisters and ulcers develop in inter-digital space and on the coronet
- Stamping of feet
- Lameness
Control
- Identification and destruction of rabid animals .
- Destruction of stray dogs
- Compulsory prophylactic antirabis vaccination or dogs with Rabisin @1 ml s/c every year
Black quarter-Bacteria
Causal organism: Clostridium chauvoei
Symptoms:
- Fever (106 to 108°F)
- Loss of appetite
- Depression, dullness
- Rapid heart and pulse rate
- Lamenar in affected leg
- Creptitiage swelling over hip, back and shoulder
Treatment:
- Penicillin @ 10,000 units/kg body weight
- Oxytetracycline in high doses ie. 10 mg/kg body
- Fluid therapy-Injection-PNS IV
Vaccination:
- Alum precipitated B.Q. Vaccine @ 5 ml s/c each year before
- The immunity develops in 2 to 3 weeks and remains for 6 months
10) Elaborate impact of climate change on livestock production.
Effect of climate change on livestock production:
Animal productivity is affected by climatic environment-directly as well as indirectly
Direct effect. Effect on neuroendocrine system resulting in loss or conservation of heat for Thermaregulation effect on other endocrine and enzyme systems
Indirect effect (affected by meteorological parameters) by changing plane of nutrition through the amount and quality of crops and pastures
Climate change causes impacts on the traits of economic importance of livestock as, body size, birth mortality ratio, Heat Tolerance Index(HTI), Temperature Humidity Index(THI) Temperament, productive life, daughter pregnancy rate, persistency of production, survibility analysis, Expected Progeny Differences (EPD) for beat tolerance, apastic and non apτυχείς behavior, feed intake quality control traits, affect milk yield and chemical composition, eggs production and its quality, wool production, fish productions, reproduction and health of animal mental stress etc.
Ways to advances and ecological animal husbandry: Generation of awareness among the folk regarding climate and climate changes as well as the relative modification necessary in management of animals, Development of systems to minimize the stress on animals. Adoptions through change in feeding styles in animals., Minimizing the load of intermive farming, Minimizing the incidence of diseases and disorders through preventive measures. modification in cropping and fodder development strategies, Improvement in managemental practices for avoiding stressful metabobe effect in animal and impensing productivity witho risk factor, Generation of genetic remedies through safety measures
11) Describe in short reading management to Calf.
Care and management of newly born calves:
1) Cleaning
- Cleaning of mouth and nostrils far proper respiration
- Cleaning of body of calves
2) Naval cord treatment: Cutting of naval cord by sterilized suizer or blade s 2 inches distance from body with proper application of Tincture lodine and beric acid Malum powder
3) Feeding of colostrums (28 to 10% of the live body weight and if not avaliable prepare artificial colostrums with 1 kg milk of other cow, 2 to 3 drops of Castrel oil and ont egg. Teach the calves for drinking/sucking of milk.
4) Application of proper rearing system ie. Suckling or Weaning system.
5) Record the details on pedigree, eg. dam, sire, weighing, sex, date of birth, etc
6) Put identification mark
7) Dehorning of Calves within 15 days
8) Vaccination: up to 3 months- anthrax and up to 6 months IBQ
9) Housing of Calves Separate calves pens should be provide for best management and protection of calves from sun, main, cold wind, etc
12) What is sterility and what are main causes of sterility in farm animals.
It is permanent reproductive failure or inability to produce any offspring.
Causes of sterility:-
1. Anatomical factors
2. Accidental factors
3. Physiological factors
4. Nutritional factors
5. Pathological factors
6. Genetic factors
7. Psychological factors Miscellaneous factors
1) Anatoinical factors- Structural defects, anatomical abnormálites maltodoned of organ
A. Cryptorchidism-undescende conditiof testes into scrotal sac.
B. Scrotal bernia-descent of interorgan in scrotum. Baramati
c. Importentia coeundi- failure of retation of penis muscles.
D.Free cartin- if female calf born with male calf (twins), mostly female has sterility.
E. Persistent hymen white beifer disease)- unbroken condition of thin band present in vagina
F.Incomplete alization andinsion of reproductive organ Absence of any reproductive organ
2. Accidental factors-
a. Bruising (injury of organs), laceration (tear of organs), and inflammation (swelling of organ).
b. Perforation ples of uterine and vaginal wall
c. Prolapsed (splace) of uterus and vagina
3)Physiological factors-
a. Impaired sexual maturity-undeveloped condition of genetical organs
b. Lack of gametogenesis and libido- unable to produce ovum (cogenesis) and sperms (spermatogenesis)
Anoestrus condition-
a. Infantile ovaries- no follicular development
b. Persistent corpus luteum (CL) permanent CL around ovary
c. Silent estrus- unable to show sigh of heat
d. Short cycle
e. Cystic ovary cyst around the ovary
4. Nutritional factors- Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, mineral vitamins are responsible for oogenesis or spermatogenesis-
5. Pathological factors- a. Specific factors- diseased condition like brucellosis (abortion), bovine verenal (destruction of embryo), vibrio fetus (abortion in 4-7 month of pregnancy)
b-Non specific pathological factors- Vaginitis-Inflammation of vagin Salpingitis Inflammation of fallopian tubes trichomonfigis Hydrosaplingitis- Fallopian tubes full of water fluid, Haematosalpingitis Fallopian tube full of pus Piosalpingitis Fallopian tube full of pus Metritis Inflammation of uterus Cervicities- Inflammation of cervix
6. Genetic factors- Free martin, species hybridization, Whitefici for disease, male drosophila with Y chromosom, failuro of retraction of penis muscle is genetic fatory/fesponsible for sterility
